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standard: in part, the dressed size of a 1-inch (nominal) board was fixed at 3⁄ 4 inch while the dressed size of 2 inch (nominal) lumber was reduced from 1 + 5⁄ 8 inch to the current 1 + 1⁄ 2 inch. In 1961, at a meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Committee on Grade Simplification and Standardization agreed to what is now the current U.S. In 1928, that was reduced by 4%, and yet again by 4% in 1956. However, even the dimensions for finished lumber of a given nominal size have changed over time.
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North American softwood dimensional lumber sizesĪs previously noted, less wood is needed to produce a given finished size than when standards called for the green lumber to be the full nominal dimension. Today, a "2×4" board starts out as something smaller than 2 inches by 4 inches and not specified by standards, and after drying and planing is minimally 1 + 1⁄ 2 by 3 + 1⁄ 2 inches (38 mm × 89 mm). After drying and planing, it would be smaller by a nonstandard amount. For example, a "2×4" board historically started out as a green, rough board actually 2 by 4 inches (51 mm × 102 mm). Typically, that rough cut is smaller than the nominal dimensions because modern technology makes it possible to use the logs more efficiently. Today, the standards specify the final finished dimensions and the mill cuts the logs to whatever size it needs to achieve those final dimensions. Historically, the nominal dimensions were the size of the green (not dried), rough (unfinished) boards that eventually became smaller finished lumber through drying and planing (to smooth the wood). Lumber's nominal dimensions are larger than the actual standard dimensions of finished lumber. Dimensional lumber made from softwood is typically used for construction, while hardwood boards are more commonly used for making cabinets or furniture. They are the basic building blocks for such common structures as balloon-frame or platform-frame housing. In the Americas, two-bys (2×4s, 2×6s, 2×8s, 2×10s, and 2×12s), named for traditional board thickness in inches, along with the 4×4 (89 mm × 89 mm), are common lumber sizes used in modern construction. Pre-cut studs save a framer much time, because they are pre-cut by the manufacturer for use in 8-, 9-, and 10-foot ceiling applications, which means the manufacturer has removed a few inches or centimetres of the piece to allow for the sill plate and the double top plate with no additional sizing necessary. Engineered wood products, manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood, together with adhesives, to form composite materials, offer more flexibility and greater structural strength than typical wood building materials. In general the maximum length is 24 ft (7.32 m). The length of a unit of dimensional lumber is limited by the height and girth of the tree it is milled from. For wall framing, precut "stud" lengths are available, and are commonly used. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, and twelve feet in length. The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. Common sizes include 2×4 (pictured) (also two-by-four and other variants, such as four-by-two in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK), 2×6, and 4×4. Carpenters extensively use dimensional lumber in framing wooden buildings. (The word lumber is rarely used in relation to wood and has several other meanings.)ĭimensional lumber is lumber that is cut to standardized width and depth, often specified in millimetres or inches. In contrast, in Britain, many other Commonwealth nations and Ireland, the term timber is used in both senses. In the United States and Canada, milled boards are called lumber, while timber describes standing or felled trees. 5.2 Controlling termites and other insects.